China is a major importer of agricultural products and we examine retaliatory tariffs imposed by China on U.S. pork, soybeans, corn, and wheat. We use an agricultural trade model to determine the impacts on agricultural commodity markets and combine our results with an input‐output model to measure economic effects in the United States...
The production cost of biofuels is a major determinant of their potential contribution as alternative sources of energy. This chapter provides a review of the literature on production costs of first and second generation biofuels, including a breakdown of their main components. In the process we highlight some of the resasons behind the widely divergent cost estimates that have been published.